Acronym Definition
LPDH Amphibious Transport Dock (US Navy ship designation) Homepage
LPDH Assault Ship (Royal Navy ship designation) Homepage
LPDH Chief of the Logistics Planning Division (J4) (JCS) Homepage
LPDH Lafayette Police Department (USA) Homepage
LPDH Lakewood Police Department (USA) Homepage
LPDH Landing Platform Dock Homepage
LPDH Landing Transport, Dock Homepage
LPDH Lansing Police Department Homepage
LPDH Laredo Police Department (Texas) Homepage
LPDH Launch Platform Detected Homepage
LPDH Leesburg Police Department (Virginia, USA) Homepage
LPDH Legendary Pink Dots (band) Homepage
LPDH Lexington Police Department (Kentucky) Homepage
LPDH License Provider Device Homepage
LPDH Licensed Private Detective Homepage
LPDH Light Point Defect Homepage
LPDH Lightning Prevention Device Homepage
LPDH Lincoln Police Department (Lincoln, Nebraska) Homepage
LPDH Line Printer Daemon (protocol) Homepage
LPDH Linear/Local Power Density Homepage
LPDH Link Process Definition Homepage
LPDH Liquid Phase Deposition Homepage
LPDH Litres Per Day (water treatment system output) Homepage
LPDH Livonia Police Department (Michigan) Homepage
LPDH Location Probability Distribution Homepage
LPDH Locking Plexiglas Door Homepage
LPDH Lockport Police Department (Louisiana) Homepage
LPDH Log Periodic Dipole Homepage
LPDH Logansport Police Department (Indiana) Homepage
LPDH London Police Department Homepage
LPDH Louisville Police Department (Kentucky) Homepage
LPDH Low Power Device Homepage
LPDH Low Probability of Detection Homepage
LPDH Low-Performance Drone Homepage
LPDH Low-Power Design (Workshop/Conference) Homepage
LPDH Low-Pressure steam Drain Homepage
LPDH Lubbock Police Department (Texas) Homepage
LPDH Luteal Phase Deficiency Homepage
LPDH Lymphoproliferative Disease Homepage
LPDH Lynchburg Police Department (Lynchburg, VA, USA) Homepage
LPDH Lynden Police Department (Washington) Homepage
LPDH Lynnwood Police Department Homepage
LPDH Local Pain Drug Hypnosis
LPDH Load Performance Data Helper
LPDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
LPDH Lady Pretty Damn Hot
LPDH Logic Primary Digital Hierarchy
LPdh Low Probability of Damage given a Hit
LPDH Low Procuraduria de Derechos Humanos (Spanish)
LPDH Long Professional Development Hours (continuing education)
LPDH Lake Pump, Domestic Hot Water
LPDH Lansing Police Department Home
LPDH Low Power Device Home
In electronics, the term low-power means one of two things about a device:
Said of a radio transmitter, that the power of the broadcast is less, i.e. the
radio waves are not intended to travel as far as from typical transmitters. See
Low-power broadcasting, low-power communication device.
Or generally, that the consumption of electric power is deliberately low, e.g.
notebook processors.
Radio
J. H. Snider and Lawrence Lessig say that low power "smart" radio is inherently
superior to standard broadcast radio.
"Technologists are increasingly discussing a related kind of gain called
'cooperation gain.' ... think about a party. If I need to tell you that it's
time to leave, I could choose to shout that message across the room. Shouting,
however, is rude. So instead, imagine I choose to whisper my message to the
person standing next to me, and he whispered it to the next person, and she to
the next person, and so on. This series of whispers could get my message across
the room without forcing me to shout." -- "Wireless Spectrum: Defining the
'Commons'" by Lawrence Lessig 2003 (mirror)
"if nodes repeat each other's traffic. If I want to talk to someone across the
room, I don't have to shout. I can just whisper it to someone near me, who can
pass it on, and so on. ... as we add more transmitters, the total capacity goes
up slightly, but we still have to face the fact that each transmitter's capacity
goes down (just slower). Even better, we all end up using less energy (since we
don't have to transmit as far), saving battery life." -- Open Spectrum: A Global
Pervasive Network by Aaron Swartz
"Every time a broadcaster receives a license, the amount of available spectrum
goes down. ... New technology, however, increases bandwidth with the number of
users." -- "Why Open Spectrum Matters: The End of the Broadcast Nation" by David
Weinberger
"If we lose ... open spectrum, we're also going to lose the open Internet" --
"The war against open spectrum" by Dana Blankenhorn 2007
Electronics
The density and speed of integrated circuit computing elements has increased
roughly exponentially for a period of several decades, following a trend
described by Moore's Law. While it is generally accepted that this exponential
improvement trend will end, it is unclear exactly how dense and fast integrated
circuits will get by the time this point is reached. Working devices have been
demonstrated that were fabricated with a MOSFET transistor channel length of 6.3
nanometres using conventional semiconductor materials, and devices have been
built that used carbon nanotubes as MOSFET gates, giving a channel length of
approximately one nanometre.
The ultimate density and computing power of integrated circuits are limited
primarily by power dissipation concerns.
An integrated circuit chip contains many capacitive loads, formed both
intentionally (as is the case with gate to channel capacitance) and
unintentionally (between any conductors that are near each other but not
electrically connected). Changing the state of the circuit causes a change in
the voltage across these parasitic capacitances, which involves a change in the
amount of stored energy. As the capacitive loads are charged and discharged
through resistive devices, an amount of energy comparable to that stored in the
capacitor is dissipated as heat.
The result of heat dissipation on state change is to limit the amount of
computation that may be performed on a given power budget. While device
shrinkage can reduce some of the parasitic capacitances, the number of devices
on an integrated circuit chip has increased more than enough to compensate for
reduced capacitance in each individual device.
As circuits shrink, Subthreshold leakage current is becoming much more
important. This leakage current results in power consumption even when no
switching is taking place (static power consumption), and with modern chips this
current is frequently more than 50% of power used by the IC. This loss can be
reduced by raising the threshold voltage and lowering the supply voltage. Both
of these changes slow the circuit down significantly, and so some modern
low-power circuits use dual supply voltages to provide speed on critical parts
of the circuit, and lower power on non-critical paths. Some circuits even use
different transistors (with different threshold voltages) in different parts of
the circuit in an attempt to further reduce power consumption without
significant performance loss.
Another method used to reduce static power consumption is the use of sleep
transistors to disable entire blocks when not in use. By shutting down a leaky
functional block until it is used, leakage current can be reduced significantly.
For some embedded systems that only function for short periods at a time, this
can dramatically reduce power consumption. Since systems that are dormant for
long periods of time and "wake up" to perform a periodic activity are often in
isolated locations monitoring some sort of activity, they are generally battery
or solar powered and power consumption is a key design factor.
Two other approaches exist to lowering the power cost of state changes. One is
to reduce the operating voltage of the circuit, or to reduce the voltage change
involved in a state change (making a state change only change node voltage by a
fraction of the supply voltage — Low voltage differential signaling). This
approach is limited by thermal noise within the circuit. There is a
characteristic voltage proportional to the device temperature and to the
Boltzmann constant, which the state switching voltage must exceed in order for
the circuit to be resistant to noise. This is typically on the order of 50–100
mV, for devices rated to 100 degrees Celsius external temperature (about 4 kT,
where T is the device's internal temperature in kelvins and k is the Boltzmann
constant).
The second approach is to attempt to provide charge to the capacitive loads
through paths that are not predominantly resistive. This is the principle behind
adiabatic circuits. The charge is supplied either from a variable-voltage
inductive power supply, or by other elements in a reversible logic circuit. In
both cases, the charge transfer must be primarily regulated by the non-resistive
load. As a practical rule of thumb, this means the rate of change of a signal
must be much slower than that dictated by the RC time constant of the circuit
being driven. In other words, the price of reduced power consumption per unit
computation is reduced absolute speed of computation.
In practice, while adiabatic circuits have been built, it has proven very
difficult to use it to reduce computation power substantially in practical
circuits.
Lastly, there are several techniques used to reduce the number of state changes
associated with any given computation. For clocked logic circuits, the technique
of clock gating is used, to avoid changing the state of functional blocks that
aren't required for a given operation. As a more extreme alternative, the
asynchronous logic approach implements circuits in such a way that an explicit
externally supplied clock is not required. While both of these techniques are
used to varying extents in integrated circuit design, the limit to practical
applicability of each appears to have been reached.
If current trends continue, "Energy costs, now about 10% of the average IT
budget, could rise to 50% ... by 2010" ("Averting the IT Energy Crunch" by
Rachael King).

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